Beijingers often say that Beijing has a history of 600 years, and they also say that "Tanzhe Temple first, and then Beijing City." This time point refers to Beijing City in the Ming Dynasty. Strictly speaking, it should be the Imperial City of the Ming Dynasty, which is now the Forbidden City.

In fact, people have been living in Beijing for a long time. The earliest Beijingers lived in Longgu Mountain in the suburbs of Beijing, also known as Zhoukoudian in Fangshan, which was 700,000 years ago. They lived there for hundreds of thousands of years, and later moved upstairs, in a cave on the top of the mountain. We call them Hilltop Cave People, which is 30,000 years ago. They all lived in the Paleolithic Age. They gathered in the mountains and forests and dug holes to live, which is equivalent to cavemen. Not long after, about 20,000 years, Beijingers came out of the mountains. They came to the current Mentougou Zhaitang, leveled land and developed a homestead in a place called Donghulin Village, and built a small house to live there. This was the early Neolithic Period 10,000 years ago. Although the order I wrote here is quite good, are Peking Man, Shanding Cave People and Donghulin People immediate family members? I don't know. However, the archaeological community currently believes that the Donghulin people are the ancestors of modern Beijingers for eight hundred generations, and the Donghulin people already have jade on them, indicating that they have a quite decent spare time cultural life. You see, the only people who survived during the Quaternary Glacial Period and escaped far from Alaska are people from Beijing who were born and raised in Alaska. Those people in the West were all descendants of African Homo sapiens. Those African Homo sapiens could not bear the loneliness of the ice age and fled from Africa to the northern Alps, Siberia, and finally Alaska.

Since the people of Donghulin, Beijing's economy has developed greatly, society has made great progress, and its population has continued to grow. Thousands of years later, the incident of King Wu destroying Zhou occurred in the west of Beijing. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty, he divided the vassals. King Wu Ji gave his brother Ji Shi the title of "Duke Zhao". It's not enough to have a name alone. You also need to have a fief. This fief is Beijing and its surrounding areas, called "Yan". Yan's capital is located in Liulihe Town, Fangshan, the southernmost town in the suburbs of Beijing today. This capital of Yan is called the "Capital of Yan", also known as "Yanjing". This is the starting point of Beijing's history of city construction. The time was the twelfth year of King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty and 1044 BC, more than 3,000 years ago. Although Ji Shi was granted the title of Duke Zhao, he actually still mainly works in the court, that is, in Haojing. Haojing is in present-day Xi'an, far away from Beijing. It was the newly built capital after King Wu of Zhou demolished Chaoge, the capital of Shang. Although Ji Shi had a big house, he couldn't afford to renovate it, so he asked his eldest child Jike to make arrangements. Therefore, this Yanjing was not built by Duke Zhao, but by Duke Zhao's son.

I have never been to the Zhoukoudian Ape-Man Cave and Shanding Cave mentioned earlier. The last time I went to Cuanxixia Village, I passed by Donghulin Village. At that time, people were still digging soil there. I was not allowed to go in and pick up the bits and pieces in the soil, so I didn't go in. A Western Zhou Yandu Ruins Museum has been built in Liulihe Town, which is said to show everyone a large earthen pit. A house was built next to the pit, and lights were used to show you the mud tiles and bronze pots and pans dug out of the pit. I thought driving to that place would be a bit lame, so I didn't go.

After the Western Zhou Dynasty, Beijing was no longer a capital city. During this period, it was also ceded by the Khitan people and the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun. In the Jin Dynasty, Wanyan Aguda, the Taizu of the Jin Dynasty, initiated the great cause of destroying Liao until his brother, Jin Taizong, Wanyan Sheng, captured Emperor Tianzuo of Liao alive in the third year of Tianhui (1125) and successfully destroyed Liao. The first capital of the Great Jin Kingdom was in what is now Acheng, Harbin, called Huining Prefecture, Shangjing. Later, Wan Yanliang, then prime minister, launched a palace coup in the ninth year of the imperial rule (1150), shamelessly killed Jin Xizong and ascended the throne. He was known as King Hailing in history. Soon after King Hailing became king, he moved the capital of the Great Jin Kingdom from Huining Prefecture in Shangjing to Yanjing and called it "Daxing Prefecture in Zhongdu", and changed the title to the first year of Zhenyuan (1153). The location of Jindu is roughly equivalent to the southwest corner of Beijing's current Urban area. The Liao Pagoda of Tianning Temple, which I visited last time, is in the city of Jindu. When developing the Lize Business District a few years ago, some traces of Jinzhong City, rammed earth at the roots of the walls, were discovered. All the urban buildings of the Jin Dynasty are gone now, but some are still left outside the Central Capital City. The last time I went to see the renovated Xiangshan Dayan Temple, it was a building from the Shizong period of the Jin Dynasty, which is Xiangshan Temple.

There is another building that remains outside the capital city of Jinzhong. During the Liao Dynasty before the Jin Dynasty, the Khitan people dug soil in the Jinhai Sea to expand the lake surface called Taiyechi. The excavated soil formed two large mounds. The Khitan people built a palace here called the "Yaoyu Palace", which is the royal garden. This Taiyechi is now the Beihai Sea, and one of the two large mounds is Qionghua Island; the other is Yuandi, which is now Tuancheng. Jin Shizong--again Jin Shizong--expanded the Yaoyu Palace into Taining Palace. He built a Guanghan Hall on Qionghua Island and a hall on Yuandi, facing Guanghan Hall across the water. Qionghua Island has changed a lot now. The only thing left in the Jin Dynasty is the Yuyue Stone stolen from Bianliang. Jin Shizong built a round hall on Yuandi back then, but it is long gone now.

Now we say that Beihai Park is the oldest park in Beijing, which means that it was already a royal outing place during the Liao and Jin Dynasties. In the Jin Dynasty, Beihai Park was outside the city; when Kublai Khan entered Beijing to establish the Yuan Dynasty, Beihai was inside the Yuan Dynasty's capital city, and it was next to the Imperial City. When Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty, he built a city wall in Yuandi and changed it to Yuancheng, and also raised a round hall called the Yitian Hall, and built a roof with a double eaves. The most important thing is that the cornerstone of Kublai Khan's founding of the capital is still in Tuancheng. This is the oldest city building souvenir in Beijing.

Let me go to Tuancheng in Beihai to see the cornerstone of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty.

The most convenient way for me to go to Beihai is to take the subway. I can take Line 6 to Beihai Houmen with one trip. Then I can walk south along the east edge of Beihai and go all the way to Beihai Qianmen to see Tuancheng.

There are tall tree-lined trees along the east of Beihai.

Anyone who has been to Beihai knows that there is a red wall along the north end of the road to the east of Beihai. There is now Beihai Kindergarten inside. The gate of Beihai Kindergarten opens north outside the back door of Beihai. In fact, the gate of the building in the red wall is in the south. This was a very important place in ancient times.

Xian Silkworm Altar. Beijing has the so-called "Nine Altars and Eight Temples", the Temple of Heaven, Earth, Sun, Moon, Sheji Altar in Zhongshan Park, Xiannong Altar and this Xian Silkworm Altar. China is an agricultural country. Xiannong is one of the six gods, and Shennong is responsible for agriculture. Xian Silkworm Altar is a place to sacrifice to the silkworm god. China has respected silkworm since ancient times, so there is a developed silk industry. It is said that the silkworm god has a female head and a horse body called Matou Niang. In ancient times, the queen came forward to sacrifice the silkworm god and was called "pro-silkworm".

Walking to the east gate, you can cross the Zhishan Bridge. This "Zhi" means climbing high, which means crossing the bridge to climb the mountain. Stand on the Zhishan Bridge and look south.

There is a cabin I like in the southeast corner of Qionghua Island. In winter, I cook tea or wine to the snow. I can travel leisurely and invincible. The artistic conception should be consistent with Lu You's "The North Wind Blows Snow at the Beginning of the Fourth Watch, Jiarui Tianjiao and the New Year's Eve." Half of the Tusu lamp has not yet been lifted, and peach charms are written on the grass in front of the lamp."

On sunny days, you have to look up and you can see the white pagoda appearing among the treetops.

Continue moving forward and you will arrive in front of Yong 'an Temple on Qionghua Island. This Yong 'an Temple is one of the "three temples in the early morning in the capital" I mentioned in the article "Visiting the Huang Temple in Beijing, Exploring the Secret of Not Showing It to Others for Three Hundred Years". The first one is Pusheng Temple outside Donghua Gate, and now it is the European and American Alumni Association. The most rare things in Pusheng Temple are the two merit steles. The merit steles in the temple are generally erected in front of the Daxiong Hall. The merit stele in Pusheng Temple is a lying stele, and one is a stele built in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651).

There is also a monument renovated in the ninth year of Qianlong (1744).

These two steles are now located in the Wuta Temple north of the zoo, which is now the Beijing Stone Carving Museum. There are many steles inside, but only these two lying steles. The merit stele in the form of a sleeping stele is extremely rare. The sleeping stele in Pusheng Temple is very rare. It may be the only one in the world, at least the only one in Beijing.

There are two stone lions in front of Yong 'an Temple in Beihai Park. It is different from the stone lions in front of other temples. These two stone lions do not face the door, but face the temple door, so they are called "inverted lions".

There is a three-hole stone arch bridge in front of Yong 'an Temple. Since it is in front of Yong' an Temple, it is of course called Yong 'an Bridge.

There is a four-pillar and three-story archway at each of the north and south ends of Yong 'an Bridge. The one in the north is called the "Duiyun Archway" because it has the word "Duiyun" on the front beam.

The one in the south is called the "Jicui Archway" because it has the word "Jicui" on its forehead. Behind the Jicui archway is the north wall and eight-character climbing ladder of Tuancheng.

Stand under the Jicui archway and look at the white tower.

Suddenly I discovered two stone lions under the archway.

It turns out that the stone lion in front of Yong 'an Temple is not an inverted lion, but a stone lion under the Duiyun archway at the bridge head in the north of Yong' an Bridge, because there are two stone lions in the same posture under the Jicui archway in the south. Therefore, not only can you not only read without understanding, but you can also watch the scenery.

The eight-character climbing ladder north of Tuancheng is not open. If you want to see Tuancheng, you have to go up from outside Beihai Park. There is a sign of "National Key Cultural Relics Protection Units" on the wall outside the door.

You see, this "Beihai and Tuancheng" is the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. Beijing is also the first batch of ancient buildings, including famous attractions such as the Forbidden City, Badaling Great Wall, Yonghegong Temple, Temple of Heaven, Guozijian and Summer Palace. It also includes some less famous ones, such as the White Pagoda Temple and the White Pagoda, the King Kong Throne of Wuta Temple, Zhihua Temple, Yunju Temple Pagoda and Shijing.

Tuancheng was a mound called Yuandi in the Liao Dynasty. In the Jin Dynasty, a round hall was built on it. When Kublai Khan entered Beijing to build the imperial palace and the Yuan Dadu, the imperial palace was no longer based on the Jindu Palace, but near Yuandi. Kublai Khan rebuilt the roof of Yuandi Shangyuan Hall and named it Yitian Hall. The North Sea is called Taiyechi, Qionghua Island is called Penglai, and Yuandi is called Yingzhou. They are all immortal lands, so Yitian Hall is also called Yingzhou Yuan Hall. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, rebuilt the Yitian Hall, renamed it Chengguang Hall, and also rebuilt the city wall of the roundabout island. This gave the shape of the current Tuancheng City. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the buildings on Tuancheng were destroyed by an earthquake. Although they were repaired, they were still in ruins. During this renovation, the round hall was changed into a square hall. During the Qianlong period, Tuancheng received a major renovation. The buildings were rebuilt and the city walls were battled. What we see now is the Tuancheng after this renovation.

After entering the door, he climbed the steps and climbed up Tuancheng. Looking back, this city tower was so awesome. Although it is just a small room, the roof of the hall is covered with glazed tiles and single eaves.

Next to the porter stands a huge white-skinned pine tree. At first glance, it is obvious that it is ancient and is known as the "White Robe General". There are many ancient trees in Tuancheng.

The main reason why I came here is to see the memorial to the founding of the Yuan Dynasty. This memorial is a jade urn, and Qianlong built a jade urn pavilion for it.

The jade urn pavilion is made of glazed tiles and glazed wall bricks. The top is not a peak at four corners, but a top of a mountain with a single eaves. The roof is the roof with a platform on it, and the Great Hall of the People is the roof. In the center of the roof is a gilded covering bowl used as a spinal brake, with a fairly high specification.

The jade urn in the pavilion is very large, with a diameter of one and a half meters. Now it is blocked with glass around it. It is said that when Kublai Khan built Dadu in the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1265), a group of jade craftsmen obtained a huge piece of Nanyang Dushan jade. They carved the jade into a wine urn and presented it to Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan was so delighted that he used it as the mascot for the founding of the Yuan Dynasty and placed it in the Guanghan Hall of Qionghua Island, naming it "Dushan Mountain and Jade Sea". Whenever the Yuan army won a battle, Kublai Khan announced that he would come to the mountains and rivers to reward the soldiers with wine. Marco Polo, who had been to China in the Yuan Dynasty, described the mountains and jade seas in his travels. Since then, the name of the jade urn spread to the West. Foreigners with red beards and green eyes will go to Beihai to take a look at this jade urn when they come to Beijing, and then "wow" it in person. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, this urn lived among the people until it was later discovered by Qianlong. In the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), it was transported back to Beihai. Instead of being returned to Qionghua Island, it was placed in Tuancheng and built this jade urn pavilion. Qianlong also collaborated with a group of Hanlin Academy literati to each drag a poem and carve it on the granite pillars of Yuweng Pavilion. Now the handwriting is illegible, and only a trace can be seen. Those who don't know think it's "This is the auspicious month of the Bingyin Year of Qianlong." Come here ". Qianlong only found the jade urn himself, and the base was not original. The original Dushan Jade Sea pedestal was recognized by someone in Fayuan Temple in 1988.

The jade urn is engraved with wandering dragons and beasts, as well as raw seafood and other things. After Qianlong discovered the jade urn, he grabbed a jade craftsman and refined it again. He removed the mud on it and scrubbed it clean. He also used a carving knife to hone the dragon scale shrimp beard and toad palms. It must have looked more detailed. Although Qianlong was very powerful, he was not as powerful as Kublai Khan. No matter who won the battle, Qianlong never moved out this mountain and jade sea to reward his soldiers with wine.

This jade sea from the mountains is the earliest large-scale jade carved from a whole piece of jade in China. In addition to being the mascot of the Yuan Dynasty, it is also an epoch-making work in the history of Chinese jade. A certain year after the Beijing Olympics, some people invited nine archaeologists and cultural experts to select nine treasures of the country. This jade sea from the mountains of the Yuan Dynasty was rated as the first of the nine treasures of the country by these nine experts. It was said that it was the earliest extant large-scale jade article and could not be better than it. Moreover, there are complete circulation records in history, including records in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which have very rich historical connotations.

Tourists who come to Tuancheng should admire this large jade urn and carefully read the bilingual introduction in Chinese and English next to it.

Standing at the gate of Tuancheng, you can not only see the white-robed general and the jade urn pavilion, but also see the main building, Chengguang Hall.

There must be a copper censer in front of Chengguang Hall.

Turning around the incense burner, you can see the front of the main hall. It is indeed Chengguang Hall.

The fire water tank here is not located at His Highness, but on the platform, with one bite on each side. This jar does not look very exquisite. It is covered with an iron cover and locked with an iron chain. It may be because it is afraid that Cuihua will steal the cabbage in the jar. Look at its ring-rings lion. It doesn't look like bronze.

Look at the lion on the legs of the incense burner. It is made of bronze, allowing people to touch the yellow inside. This is not a lion, it is called an evil beast.

Stand on the armrest in front of the platform and step on the steps and look into the hall.

There is a plaque of "Big Round Treasure Mirror" hanging in the hall, which is the handwriting of Cixi. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a monk Mingkuan in a small temple at the head of a village outside Beijing. He sold the small temple to a large household in the village and earned a sum of money. Monk Mingkuan took the money to Nanyang and was donated a jade Buddha in Myanmar. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), Ming Kuan returned to Beijing and dedicated this jade Buddha to Empress Dowager Cixi. Cixi placed the Buddha statue in Chengguang Hall in Tuancheng and inscribed the plaque above. Jade Buddha is popular in Myanmar, and the statue is indeed in this style, with its right chest exposed and wearing a golden robe.

Below this Chengguang Hall is a five-foot green brick base with a circle of glazed brick railings on the base. There are steps with railings up and down on all sides of the platform and base. This is called "handrail stomping". There is a platform in front of the main hall, and there are no red steps on the front of the platform, which means that the emperor does not come every day. The main hall is a square with a width of three rooms and a depth of three rooms, with a building on each side. Above the main hall is the top of the mountain with double eaves and double eaves, and above the surrounding buildings are the top of the mountain with single eaves and rolling sheds.

Look at the back of the hall.

The architectural layout of Tuancheng is very regular, with Chengguang Hall as the center, with a jade urn pavilion in front and a Jingji Hall visible from the North Sea behind. On the east and west sides of Chengguang Hall, there are two pavilions facing each other at the usual location of the Bell and Drum Tower, called Duoyun Pavilion and Guanlan Pavilion.

There are auxiliary halls on the east and west sides of Chengguang Hall, and below is the east auxiliary hall.

There is a hall on the east and west sides of Chengguang Hall side by side, called the East and West Shunshan Hall. Below is the Shunshan Hall on the east side called Guse Hall, and the Xishun Mountain Hall is called Yu Qingzhai.

The highest-specification Shunshan Hall in ancient buildings in Beijing is in the Summer Palace, and the east and west Shunshan Hall of the Paiyun Hall are the ones. Below is the Dongshun Mountain Hall of the Discharge Cloud Hall. How about it? Isn't it amazing?

Although this Tuancheng originated in Yuandi in the Jin Dynasty, traces of the Jin Dynasty can no longer be seen. It was eradicated by Kublai Khan, Zhu Di, Kangxi and Qianlong. However, there is the earliest surviving symbol of Beijing's city construction, which is the jade urn. Xiangshan Temple was built in the Jin Dynasty before the Yuan Dynasty. It was also rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty and lost its appearance. Only this jade urn still retains its original form as the cornerstone of the founding of the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, if you want to see the authentic and oldest relics of Beijing, you must go to Tuancheng in Beihai to see this "lush mountains and jade sea".

After watching the urn, I was satisfied and went home.