Jade articles were not only used for decoration in ancient times, but also a symbol of wealth and power. They were also "spiritual objects" that sacrificed to heaven and earth and communicated with ghosts and gods. In the long process of development, a jade culture integrating luxurious materials, superb craftsmanship, elegant aesthetic taste, and lofty moral pursuits has gradually been formed.

So, what exquisite jade articles were left in Xi'an, the ancient capital of the Thirteenth Dynasties? Recently,"Shaanxi Cultural Relics Exploration" invited Tian Jiwei, deputy director of the Education and Promotion Department of Xi'an Museum, as the guest speaker to give a live online explanation of Xi'an Museum's "Spirit of Heaven and Earth-Exhibition of Fine Ancient Jade Collected in the Academy." In the scorching summer, this live broadcast attracted 1.266 million netizens to watch it.

The exhibition hall displays more than 100 sets of jade articles. These jade articles cover almost all historical stages from prehistory to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They are divided into different categories such as ritual jade, burial jade, decorative jade, jade utensils and display jade, reflecting Xi'an's different historical period. The basic appearance and development context of jade articles.

Longest:

Jade Bi from the Yangshao Culture Period and jade Cong from the Longshan Culture Period

Tian Jiwei introduced that jade culture originated in a very primitive period, dating back at least 9000 years ago. Early jade and stone tools were also "products" processed by people in production and life. However, due to their scarcity and difficulty in processing, they were used in what people considered the most important occasions and the most precious places at that time.

The earliest jade article in the Xi'an Museum's collection is a piece of jade from the Yangshao Culture period (5000 BC to 3000 BC) unearthed at the Yuhuazhai Subdistrict Office in Yanta District in 2002. Early jade punching was not very "precise", and the overall processing level was relatively low. It seemed childish and simple, and even made people feel like children's handicrafts. However, this was precisely the early human processing capabilities in the embryonic stage. a product.

Even later, there is jade cong from the Longshan Culture period (3000- 2000 BC) unearthed at Shanmen entrance, Yanta District in 1987. Jade cong is square on the outside and round on the inside. Like jade bi, it belongs to ritual vessels. From the appearance, some of them have several layers, and there are also animal faces and human faces on the sides. However, this jade cong in the museum has only a single layer, plain light on all sides, and no decoration.

There is also a three-hole jade knife from the Longshan Culture period in the exhibition hall. The three holes are not made in a straight line, some are high and some are low, and the diameters are different, which proves that the tool used is not a "standard size", but the blade is polished very carefully. It can be seen that the detailed techniques in early stone processing were also transplanted into jade processing.

Along with the three-hole jade knives are also jade axes and jade shovels from the Longshan Culture period. The jade axe was closely related to the stone axe in the early days, but the level was higher. Compared with axes, the early axes were larger than axes and were a symbol of military power. But the jade axes displayed in the exhibition hall look relatively small. The reason why small jade axes appear is divided according to materials, processing methods, and uses. In "Zhou Rites," the size of jade at all levels is strictly regulated, and the original use of jade and what level it can be used in are also clearly stated.

There is also a jade hairpin from the same period of the Longshan Culture, which was unearthed in Mijiaya Village between the Jinghe River and the Weihe River.

There are relatively few exhibits in the museum for jade articles from the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. There are hand-shaped utensils from the Xia Dynasty, jade ge from the Shang Dynasty, and jade yan from the Western Zhou Dynasty, which can reflect the level of jade processing at that time. Judging from the artifacts, the cutting tools and pondering tools at that time were very advanced. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the types and uses of jade articles became more extensive, producing types of jade articles that influenced subsequent eras. There are jade ornaments in the exhibition hall with dragon patterns and H-shaped pipe rings in the Warring States and Qin style. There are square bridge buttons at the lower end of the word "Gong" and a small movable ring in the buttons, reflecting that the jade carving process during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period has entered an unprecedented stage of development.

Most similar:

Differences and different functions of Bi, Yuan, Ring and Ring

Rites jade is a jade used in ancient China for ritual activities such as sacrifice, worship, betrothal, and military affairs. These utensils were given special significance and became a reflection of etiquette, that is,"hiding etiquette in utensils."

Tian Jiwei introduced that among the many ceremonial vessels, the most famous one is the "six vessels" used by the emperor to make sacrifices to the four directions of heaven and earth. "Zhou Li·Chunguan·Da Zong Bo" said: "Make six utensils with jade, and use etiquette to the four directions of heaven and earth. Use Cangbi to honor the sky, yellow Cong to honor the earth, green Gui to honor the east, red Zhang to honor the south, white Hu to honor the west, and Xuanhuang to honor the north." The ancients combined the color and shape of jade articles, and combined them with the theory of yin and yang and the five elements, thus producing six kinds of ritual vessels that sacrifice to the four directions of heaven and earth.

Among the six utensils, the most representative one is jade. The ancients believed that the sky was round and blue, so they used Cangbi to worship the sky. It has a long history of use and has been in use since the Neolithic Era. The Pu pattern Bi, Valley pattern Bi and Sapphire Bi displayed in the exhibition hall are typical shapes of jade Bi in the Han Dynasty.

According to the introduction text on jade jade in the exhibition hall, the shape of jade jade is used to symbolize the sun and the sky according to the ancient concept of a round sky and a local universe. It is mainly a ritual vessel to worship heaven.

"Erya·Shiqi" said: "The meat is twice as good, which is called jade." That is, jade Bi is a circular plate-like body with a round hole in the middle, with wide sides and small holes. The hole in the middle is called "good", and the surrounding solid part is called "meat". According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi and some ancient books, if the good meat is big, it is Bi; if the good meat is almost equidistant, it is a ring; if the good meat is big and small, it is Yuan; if there is a narrow crack (gap), it is a ring.

They serve different purposes. For example, jade jade is used to worship heaven; jade rings imply repair and reconciliation; jade rings represent determination and determination. Note to "Xunzi·Rouge":"In ancient times, ministers were guilty and waited until they were released. They dared not leave for three years. If they were in the ring, they would return, and if they were in the ring, they would end." Ancient emperors often used rings and rings to express their intention to recall or never recall their exiled guilty ministers. However, close attendants, important ministers, princes and sons of heaven can lead with yuan when participating in important activities to avoid being inconsistent with etiquette due to direct contact.

Most special:

The "Nine Apertures" and Jade Clothes to Protect the Dead

The burial jades displayed in the exhibition hall include jade pig handles, cicada-shaped jade hooks, jade eye masks, etc.

Tian Jiwei introduced that both "Huai Nan Zi" and "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said that jade articles had anti-corrosion effect, so early jade articles were also used as burial jade to protect the bodies of the deceased, asking the gods to protect their souls and protect the safety of tombs. Jade articles specially made for collecting corpses and burial are called burial jade. The Han Dynasty was the peak period for the development of funeral jade.

The complete combination of burial jade in the Han Dynasty includes jade cover, jade handle, nine-aperture plug, jade bi, etc. During burial, the deceased's face was covered with black silk decorated with jade slices such as eye covers, and his mouth contained jade cicadas symbolizing reincarnation. He held a jade pig representing wealth in both hands. His eyes, ears, nose, etc. were filled with jade plugs to seal the holes. The body and body were covered with jade jade used to collect corpses. He lay in a lacquer coffin inlaid with jade decorations and was buried in the tomb.

People also polished jade articles very exquisitely and wrapped the entire body of the deceased with small jade slices. There are thousands of pieces of gold and jade clothes, and there are also more than a thousand pieces of less. Emperors will be buried with gold strands and jade clothes, and if they are granted a king, they will be buried with silver strands. In addition, there are copper-thread jade clothes, silk thread jade clothes, etc.

A large number of jade slices suspected of jade garments have been unearthed in Xi'an, but there are no complete jade garments. The trend of tomb raiding was prevalent in ancient times. Tomb raiding existed during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The main thing stolen by tomb raiders was gold and jade. Therefore, many tombs were unfortunately stolen and disturbed, and relatively few intact ones could be found.

The most complex:

A set of jade sets of pendants, with dozens of pieces

In the exhibition hall, there is a set of jade sets of pendants from the Western Han Dynasty. Tian Jiwei introduced that the vast majority of jade articles in ancient China were ornaments. Jade ornaments have been popular since the emergence of the Neolithic Age. They can be roughly divided into crown ornaments, hair ornaments, jewelry ornaments, body ornaments, wrist ornaments, waist ornaments and inlay ornaments. During the Two Zhou Dynasties, with the deepening of the idea of "a gentleman compares virtue to jade", the trend of wearing jade became increasingly popular, and the shapes and patterns of jade also diversified.

The jade ornaments of the Zhou Dynasty aristocrats were connected in series with jade ribbons, jade pipes, and jade beads. The higher the status, the more ribbons, the longer the jade pendant, the more inconvenient it was to walk, and the slower it was to walk. "Book of Rites·Jade Zao" also puts forward requirements for the "jade sound" made by jade pendants while walking. When jade pieces sound due to self-strike, they must still conform to the rhythm and form harmony, and they must be at different paces. Harmony with different music.

This set of jade sets from the Western Han Dynasty has a ratio of about 1:1 between "good" and "meat" on the top, so it should be called jade rings. From the bottom to the top are two jade ribbons, two jade ribbons and two jade dancers. On the top is a handshake. On top is a very beautiful cloud pattern jade ring. That is the place of the unknown power of the gods. Coupled with the mysterious music and dance patterns, with this set of jade sets worn on the body, there is naturally no need to talk about their identity level.

So what kind of person can wear such a jade pendant? If it was the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, like the monarchs of some small countries, it would be fine to wear this, and they would even wear it more complicated than this. For example, in the group ornaments found in Liangdai Village, Hancheng, there are more than three jade ornaments horizontally. A group of more than 40 pieces is nearly one meter long and is extremely complex. Under the rules of etiquette, people must follow the rules. The number of Juan is usually even between 2 and 8, but there are also odd ones. If there are more than 8, it is likely that the etiquette and music have been ruined, or it may be that the so-called local monarch has grown up-I have the financial resources, and I can wear as many as I want. Rules are not necessarily for everyone to abide by. Some people always want to break the rules, especially when they are rich and powerful. Therefore, power must be locked in the cage of the system, which should have been the case since ancient times.

What is the function of the jade ring in the group pendant? Tian Jiwei introduced that some emperors needed help when moving. For example, when going down from high steps, the close attendant next to him would hold a jade ring (which could also be a jade yuan). The emperor held it in his hand and walked down the steps with the close attendant.

There are two pieces (xī) at the bottom of this set of ornaments, and the pieces of the Qin Dynasty are also separately displayed in the exhibition hall. What is it used for? Tian Jiwei introduced that the Pei was the symbol of an ancient adult man. According to the explanation of "Shuo Wen","the tip is very sharp and used to untie knots. It is made of elephant bone or animal horns." They appeared in the Neolithic period, but in the Han Dynasty, they gradually lost their function of untying knots and turned into accessories, mostly hanging on the side of the body. In view of the original function of "solving knots", the jade coffin is used as a pendant, implying that the boy has extraordinary wisdom when he becomes an adult, and all problems and difficulties in the world can be solved.

In the early days, jade ornaments were hung around the neck, but later, when they were too heavy to hang around the neck, they were worn around the waist. They were made as a hook, hooked and hung down, becoming an important accessory for clothes. For example, the son of Wensheng written in the literary works of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties usually wears a jade pendant on his body with a beautiful tassel underneath it. This is a change in cultural tradition.

In addition to the group pendant, there is also a shè-shaped jade pendant unearthed from a Western Han Dynasty tomb in the northern suburbs of Xi'an. The shè is a finger ring specially used to protect the fingers when buckling arrows. During the Warring States Period, it became flat and completely lost its function of buckling strings and became a pure ornament. By the Han Dynasty, it had developed into shield-shaped sheet-like carving and decoration.

A Tang Dynasty gold-inlaid jade pendant is particularly attractive. It was unearthed at the site of the Daming Palace in 1976. The jade pendant is triangular in shape, with two waists in triple arcs. It is carved on one side, and the front is decorated with gold and deformed with double phoenix patterns. Yucuo gold and silver craftsmanship began in the Spring and Autumn Period and was most popular from the Warring States Period to the Tang Dynasty. The crystal and moist white jade pieces are decorated with gold patterns, making them particularly luxurious and rich.

Tian Jiwei said: "We always say that 'a gentleman compares virtue with jade.' During the development of jade, the ancients combined jade with human moral culture, giving rise to higher spiritual enjoyment and spiritual space. The spiritual connotation given to jade by the Chinese is very rich. The jade virtues found in ancient books include various theories such as Five Virtues, Nine Virtues, and Eleven Virtues. The most far-reaching impact was the theory advocated by Confucius that jade has eleven virtues. No matter how much virtue it is, it is actually giving it the most beautiful thing in the world that is beyond material. But nowadays, when people wear jade, many people value economic value. In fact, the purity of jade, the warmth of jade, the purity of jade, and the hardness of jade are all manifestations of quality. Some people wore a big jade bracelet to show that I had money. In fact, this was not the purpose of wearing the jade. Wearing jade is to embody virtue, integrity, cultivation, self-discipline, etc. Where is your virtue?"

The most eye-catching:

Jade belt, jade belt hook and fasting card

From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, what deserves special introduction are jade belts, jade belt hooks and fasting tablets.

In the exhibition hall, there is a white jade piece of music and dance with Hu people's tail. This music and dance Hu Ren Thuan Tail is engraved with the pattern of a man rotating Hu Teng dance. Hu Teng dance is a man's solo dance in the Western Regions. The dancer is called "Hu Teng 'er." This dance was introduced from the stone country of Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan in Central Asia. If the dancer counts with his right hand, puts his left hand on his hip, and steps vertically and horizontally on a small round carpet, it will be beautiful.

Jade belt hooks were used by ancient people to waist their belts and hook collars or small ornaments, and some were also used in combination with ornaments. Jade belt hooks have appeared since the Neolithic Era, and were most popular from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the number of jade belt hooks decreased significantly. The people of the Song Dynasty loved ancient times, and works using the Warring States and Han Dynasty belt hooks as ancient objects often appeared. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the production of belt hooks rebounded and the number increased sharply. However, at this time, jade belt hooks had lost their practical value and were mainly used as toys for officials, aristocrats, literati and elegant scholars.

The main items displayed in the display cabinets are jade belt hooks from the Yuan Dynasty.

Tian Jiwei introduced that the reason why most of the jade belt hooks seen in the display cabinets are from the Yuan Dynasty is because they were influenced by Song culture. The meanings of these jade belt hooks include the Canglong teaching children, teaching children to heaven, etc. "Today we call him Wang Zi Jackie Chan. You keep looking at him but don't teach him. Can he become a Jackie Chan? Therefore, Cang Long's statement of teaching his son is also a kind of beautiful sustenance for the future."

As for the shape of jade belt and hook, you can still see turtle style, shield style, monkey style, beast style, and dragon style in the Spring, Autumn and Warring States Period. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, you can still see pipa shape and water drop shape. "These Yuan Dynasty jade belt hooks have an obvious S-shape on the side. The dragon heads look back very deeply and the heads are relatively flat and long. There is a big button on the right position of the middle for inserting belts. This is also related to the clothes and dressing of people during the Yuan Dynasty. Very close connection."

In terms of shape, the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties also had the same trend. Later, the buckle became a metal base, with jade inlaid or bonded ornaments on the top and a metal hook on the bottom, which was also an alternative. Because jade ware is too laborious to process, it is easier to make it with copper gilt or other metals, and then you can directly embed jade ornaments on it. This is another aesthetic enlightenment.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, fasting tablets appeared, bathing and fasting, and reverence ghosts and gods. A pat-like small artifact worn on the chest by people participating in sacrificial activities in the Qing Dynasty, about 4 to 9 centimeters in size. It has the effect of warning officials to "be vigilant against words and deeds." The front is Chinese "fasting" and the back is Manchu. Large-scale sacrifices or ceremonies require fasting. Bathing fasting culture exists itself, and the Manchu people are deeply influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. After forming this habit, even the fasting tablets worn during fasting have a very luxurious side. There are many forms of fasting tablets, including rectangular, oval, crabapple, fragrant bag, bat peach style, gourd style, etc. The textures are jade, gold, copper, porcelain, wood, etc.

Ancient women's decorative jade articles are also displayed in the exhibition hall. For example, the Tang Dynasty jade flower hairpin head unearthed at the Xingqing Palace site, and a Ming Dynasty jade hairpin head collected in Xi'an City.

"Early jade itself was a decoration and could be inserted into a woman's hair. Later, with the development of craftsmanship, items such as gold, silver, copper, iron, bone, and porcelain could be used as the main body to tie hair. There was a decorative jade hairpin head or hairpin head on the outside, which was very aesthetic. Strong, such as using flower tables and feather shapes to decorate. It can be seen that the jade craftsmanship ability and aesthetic interest in making them are very high. In the eyes of the Tang Dynasty, jade was more precious than gold and silver. A pair of double-stranded jade hairpins is almost equivalent to seven years of living expenses for a family of twenty, and a pair of jade belts is equivalent to the total income of three to five hundred people in one year."

Most particular:

A jade sword needs to be decorated with four pieces of jade

The several jade sword decorations in the exhibition hall look very particular in terms of shape and craftsmanship.

Tian Jiwei introduced that the ancients paid attention to swords, especially during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Famous figures 'swords are decorated with very luxurious jade articles on the hilt, the hook of the sword, and the top of the sword cover.

"Many jade articles are a mixture of metal and jade articles, not pure jade articles. The main body of the sword is made of metal, and the scabbard is made of wood, wrapped in precious leather such as shark skin and pearl skin. From the sword frame to the sword head, the upper end and end of the scabbard are decorated with a large amount of jade. At first, the sword equipment was relatively simple, but later became very complicated to reflect its luxury and value."

"Jade ornaments are inlaid on the hilt and scabbard, which is called jade sword ornaments. A sword decorated with jade is called a jade sword. The jade sword appeared in the late Spring and Autumn Period. A complete jade sword consists of 4 jade ornaments, namely the sword head, sword frame, sword frame (wèi), and sword frame (bê)."

The most exquisite:

Display a "small world" fixed in jade

The jade display in the exhibition hall is rich in types and quantities, available in all eras.

Tian Jiwei introduced that most of the jade articles displayed are round carvings of figures, animals or plants. Jade birds, jade beasts, jade rabbits, jade horses, etc. from the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Qin and Han Dynasties all belong to this category. There are also cups, bowls, plates, pots, etc., which are both practical objects and works of art for indoor display. After the Tang Dynasty, the number of jade displayed gradually increased, and many works of birds, animals and flowers were novel and unique in shapes and exquisite in craftsmanship, which were both vivid and vivid, but also beautiful and natural. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the most prosperous period for jade display, and various daily necessities and display art with exquisite carving and high-quality jade emerged one after another.

A group of jade ornaments in the image of geese, each with a long diameter of about 3.5 centimeters and a wide diameter of about 2.5 centimeters. Some of them are sorting their feathers with their mouths, some look up, some flap their wings while walking, and some fly high. "This should be an overall depiction of birds and birds in places with abundant water and grass. It is completely decorative and vividly reflects the state of the birds." According to relevant information, this group of swan goose jade ornaments were collected from Weiqu, Chang 'an District. They are oval tablets carved with swan geese on the surface. The sapphire has soil immersion marks and a round hole behind the goose tail. They are used to fix utensils. They are analyzed as jade articles of the Song Dynasty based on the characteristics of the carving process, subject matter content and unearthed sources. The carving is exquisite, which may express nostalgia for relatives far away or longing for hometown.

Different from the realistic style of swan goose jade decoration, a Han Dynasty jade pillow is generally shaped like a pig. The craftsmanship belongs to the Han Dynasty freehand processing technique "Han Eight Dao". A few knives can outline the appearance of a thing, only taking the meaning and not demanding details.

A Ming Dynasty jade cup with plum blossoms pattern is very complicated. "Logically speaking, there can also be inlaid ornaments on it to further reflect its luxury. But at that time, people pursued the characteristics of jade itself and required it to be pure and pure, without having to be so complicated and gorgeous."

A beautiful Qing Dynasty decoration on the mountain of Fu Lu Shou may have a relatively precious wooden support carved with rocks and clouds. It should have bats, pine trees, cranes and other connotations of Fu Lu Shou.

A Qing Dynasty four-pronged bottle has a strong decorative character. It cuts off 15% of the four bottles and puts a square in the middle. This four-connected bottle, which connects four bottles together, was popular in the Qing Dynasty. It is also completely decorative. Judging from the jade material, it is made of black jade, also called sapphire.

In addition to the quadruple bottle, there is also a quadruple box. "In the Qing Dynasty, a large number of old utensils were copied from the past, and some four-sided bottles and four-sided boxes from the previous Dynasty were copied. Like these jade boxes, they all contained some small jewelry and fragrant powder at that time."

A three-legged jade toad from the Qing Dynasty particularly attracted people's attention. "A four-legged toad is easy to find, but a three-legged toad is hard to find. This has a strong meaning and represents rarity and preciousness. Its texture is very similar to Lantian jade, with a relatively thick texture, but the overall shape is very beautiful, with only one foot on the back."

Many small decorations were placed in an area with prominent characteristics in the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. One of them is a Song Dynasty jade horse decoration that is only about two centimeters long. The proportion of the head and body is very cute. A jade boy from the Qing Dynasty uses bright color craftsmanship. The sugar-colored part hooks out the clothes and lower body, while the bright part is just used to open the face. The facial features are typical of "onion tube nose".

A piece of Ming Dynasty jade nearly 7 centimeters long to ward off evil spirits. The mane on the back of its head is very smooth and it is completely lying on the ground. You can also see the caramel color. Behind it is a Yuan Dynasty jade to ward off evil spirits.

A hollow jade sachet from the Qing Dynasty seems to have taken a lot of effort and is very exquisite. "Hollow jade sachets generally use cold fragrance that can emit a faint fragrance. They don't necessarily need to be lit. There is a faint fragrance when placed at home."

A yí shaped cup modeled on a Western Zhou bronze vessel in the Qing Dynasty. The decoration on the vessel is intended to simulate the shape and decoration of the Western Zhou bronze vessel, but it does not simulate the full part. "It's a water vessel like a copper lantern, but when it's made small, it can also hold water and scoop water, but it's mainly for decoration."

A Yuan Dynasty double dragon playing pearl holder, the shape and decoration look very beautiful. "In the past, there was a cup holder for drinking tea and alcohol, with a cup on top of it. I didn't find this cup. It should be a relatively high-foot cup because high-foot cups were popular in the Yuan Dynasty."

Tian Jiwei introduced that three jade cups were unearthed at the Du Ling site of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, and two are currently on display in the exhibition hall.

These jade cups are all golden-mouthed, and the string and base parts in the middle of the mouth are wrapped with thin gold plates. In the Han Dynasty, golden-mouthed utensils were cups used to take jade fragments to seek longevity, and had specific uses. Moreover, it must have been used by the emperor or important aristocratic members during large-scale sacrifices, meaning praying for their longevity and the prosperity of the country.

"Its mouth edge is called the golden mouth. In ancient times, it was important for emperors to buckle gold and empresses to buckle silver (buckle means that metal was used to reinforce and decorate utensils at the mouth). These three were unearthed near Duling, which shows that they were used by Emperor Xuan. Gold and jade are full of gold and jade, and gold and jade, the two most precious things in the world, have been put together. It is a symbol of a country's culture and a reflection of the royal family's taste in life."

"These jade cups are all formed in one go, including the base support and the cup body. They are very rare from the perspective of jade processing. Among the top ten jade cups in the country are definitely the three very beautiful Hetian jade cups from the Han Dynasty collected by the Xi'an Museum and the Qin jade cup unearthed from the Afang Palace site. They are all treasures of the Xi'an Museum."

In the basic display of Xi'an Museum, there is also a high-footed jade cup unearthed in Chezhang Village, the site of Afang Palace, dating from the Qin Dynasty. The cup is 14.5 cm tall, 6.4 cm in diameter, and 4.5 cm in diameter. The entire jade cup body is full of four consecutive cloud patterns and persimmon stems patterns. The bottom support and the body are separated. The shape of the bottom support is very similar to a bean, and the top is a straight tube slightly retracted shape. Because it was unearthed at the Afang Palace site, many people judged that it might have been used by Qin Shihuang or other very important officials. Some scholars have also moved its age back or forward based on its decoration and detailed descriptions, but this does not affect its identity and status as an important jade processing masterpiece in the Qin and Han Dynasties, at least 2200 years ago. Product.

"It can be said that the jade cups displayed by the Xi'an Museum are a masterpiece. They bring together all the beautiful meanings of Chinese culture, show the most superb production craftsmanship, and reflect the destiny of the country and the nation."

Tian Jiwei introduced that among the jade articles unearthed at the Duling site, in addition to jade cups, there were also jade dancers. It used to be exhibited in this exhibition hall, but it has been borrowed for external exhibitions due to external exchanges. It can be seen from the photos that the two jade dancers have very beautiful faces. They are connected to their skirts, and the hem of their skirts is also in a bright color. The color is relatively dark, and the very bright part is just on the head.

This jade piece is 10.5 centimeters high and 7.8 centimeters wide at the bottom. The jade dancers use round carving techniques and stand side by side. The characters have clear eyebrows and beautiful eyes and a slender figure. She is graceful, with a hair combed in a high bun and a faint smile at the corner of her mouth. The two of them were wearing deep clothes with curved skirts and two wide silk belts tied around their waists, which were long and draped on the ground. The jade dancer on the left holds his sleeves and gathers them around his waist. The jade dancer on the right stretches his left forearm upwards, his right hand presses his waist, and his long sleeves are bent and swung downward, showing the vivid moments of the jade dancer's dance.

"It is the largest in shape and highest in level found so far with clear unearthed records, and it is the only two connected beautiful three-dimensional round carved jade dancers. It is also the royal possession of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty. It is the most vivid portrayal of the most popular 'dance with folded sleeves and folded waist' in the court of the Han Dynasty. It is also an extremely precious material material for studying the court culture, women's costumes and dance history of the Han Dynasty."

Source: Huashang. com